Web Services. Design Patterns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Web Services. Configuration Patterns - Essay Example Web administrations have showed up as a generally appealing and extensible innovation that encourages application-to-application collaboration, utilizing open principles and conventions. At the present, the utilization of web administration has gotten normal. Essentially, a web administration is a product application that is intentionally intended for running over the web. In this situation, the web server is utilized to have a web administration that is open to its clients for use over the web. When the web administration is made, it must be transferred on a web have, with the goal that Web administration can be made accessible to everybody over the Internet. We ought not utilize web server to test a web administration. A web administration can be tried by utilizing a neighborhood web server (VKInfotek, 2012; Wang et al., 2004). Essentially, the web administrations are made to address the need of associating applications from incongruent and confused situations, for example UNIX and Windows, or J2EE and .NET. The primary subject behind the rise of Web administrations was fundamentally to proficiently manage the test of interoperability and mix of uses created in assorted stages. Also, Web administrations bolster practically all the programming dialects on any stage. Furthermore, the web administrations can likewise be utilized for the situation when there is have to apply a particular usefulness, include in a wide assortment of business applications. In this situation, the coordination of a web administration to a business application improves the usefulness and extent of that specific application. Moreover, a web administration can be coordinated with web applications, windows applications, versatile applications and sites (VKInfotek, 2012; Wang et al., 2004). Likewise, there exist a wide assortment of web administrations over the web that have the capacity of doing straightforward just as mind boggling assignments for example playing out the basic undertakin g of data handling just as executing complex business forms. Additionally, we have an assortment of gauges and conventions that have been created to manage web administrations, for example, Web Services Description Language (WSDL) that presents machine-coherent data of Web administrations, basic item get to convention (SOAP) that empowers trade of messages between Web benefits, a Universal Description, Discovery and Integration (UDDI) vault which is an index of Web administrations WSDLs (Wang et al., 2004; Phu, 2005). In the light of the above conversation, we can reason that sooner rather than later, Web application advancement will be commanded by Web Services, and it is normal that most web application improvement will include only the calling of existing Web Services. DQ2: Other Design Patterns This week we talked about and executed the MVC configuration design for Web based database interfaces. In any case, there are otherdesign designs that might be straightforwardly pertinent to PHP programming, orweb programming by and large. Discover another plan design which could be utilized for electronic turn of events and compose a summary on it, calling attention to whether it would be pertinent for use inside your undertaking or not. Remark as material on configuration designs that different class membersprovide. â€Å"A configuration design focuses to an issue that can occur over and again in a programming situation, and afterward brings up the possibility of the exit plan to that issue. In this situation, this arrangement can be applied to this or some other comparative issue a million times finished, even there is no compelling reason to do it a similar way twice (Wallace, 2000). In basic words, a structure design portrays an issue and its answer. In any case, enlightening name ought to be utilized for a plan design with the goal that it very well may be

Does gay marriage threaten the family Essay

The inquiry is clear does gay relationships undermines the family? To my conviction yes it does with a capital Y. It is for an exceptionally straightforward explanation that it invalidates the essential snare of the general public, the family. By the term alone, for example if a two male individual set up among themselves what they alleged â€Å"conjugal love or the supposed residential organization â€Å"who would be known as the mama and the father. On the off chance that they have youngsters by reception or from the other accomplice would that kid not be confounded that their mother is truly and physiologically like his father? In this perspective it likewise waters down the poise of a man and that of a lady. For all we know yes we are made equivalent yet were given acknowledgment that every one has his and her task to carry out. What's more, that part can't be removed by certain impulses of just scarcely any people. Indeed, it is everyone’s worry to esteem his manliness and for the lady her womanliness. The individuals who can not perceive this reality is not the slightest bit no longer consideration for regard for the correct explanation. Ralph Wedgewoods legitimizations resemble a mens rea. Avocation doesn't dispose of one’s malevolent act. He legitimizes gay relationships by assaulting the shades of malice in relationships. He could have overlooked that he is before a result of a fundamental group of a joining between a man and a lady. Separation, youngsters resulting from wedlock, surrender, and so on are ills to our general public however should not be considered that since we have this malevolent, marriage is damned. Actually, a sacred marriage is an asylum, a spot where we could raise productive members of society of the world. When love is missing between a total man and a total lady, how might we be certain to such an extent that adoration between the equivalent genders is less disorderly? I don't prevent the incentive from claiming clean fellowship here; same genders could cherish each other in a dispassionate and deferential manner. Surrendering to obscenity as of now degrades the human respect, and that nobility is for everybody. Impeccable association is just appreciated by genuine love. Anything outside of it is just desire. What's more, when desire decreases spasm of inner voices recaptures except if that still, small voice has had solidified its heart not having the option to imagine what is correct and what's going on. Maggie Gallagher’s examines in her book â€Å"What is Marriage for? †. That gay marriage is the same old thing. It could be acknowledged in Massachusetts and may invade the 50 conditions of America. Marriage is characterized as giving a legitimate ground for sexual wants of grown-up individual yet it has more to offer. Well it isn't just organizing a marriage and bringing forth kids. It is past that. Also it isn't just for the tip top. Be that as it may, equity directs that if a man and a lady can not appropriately bring up a kid it is better for him and her to live self control. Many have fallen into the ifs’ and buts’ of marriage, however on the off chance that we could just glance at one bearing and attempt to look into what it truly mean to be. At long last, everybody could have an end that marriage is never a permit yet to a greater extent an endowment of confidence and love. Marriage is characterized in the Humane Vitae (Human life) as Married love which is a long way from being the impact of the consequence of visually impaired advancement of the normal powers where a couple through shared endowment of themselves ideal themselves as one in helping out God for creating new lives. It is an adoration that is absolute. What number of have come in to marriage without esteeming this essential necessity? They are the ones on the occasion of distresses of day by day life fled from their responsibility. It is them who overlook that wedded love is steadfast and selective til' the very end. They never felt that it is a genuine duty and not only a sharing of residential issues. â€Å"Marriage and marital love are appointed toward reproduction and training of kids which are the preeminent endowment of marriage. † (VI, 1968) This consistently incorporates dependable parenthood and the recognition of the regular law. Marriage between same sex isn't just an immediate rebellion to God’s will who have made the entire universe however a rendering unfairness to ones self. A man with a presence of mind realized that anything unnatural is a scam. Never would a man find total rapture on any association that is loaded up with blame and brimming with corruption. In Kerry Howley's discussion, she focuses on additional on the political side of the issue. The creator could have overlooked one component of marriage. This social establishment isn't just limited by a specific state however is dealt with even more a holy observance. The relationships between life partners are by common standards as well as out limits the spirit. Religion, the congregation, and God who made you and me have standardized union with be the seed of His chooses. Here we are not discrediting the privileges of lesbians and gay people, in reality our general public of today are increasingly thoughtful with them and acknowledged them as imaginative and good people. In any case, to carry on a blunder of vulgarity we are simply corrupting their human presence. There are consistently restrictions where we can not be what we need yet in the eye of an adherent of truth he could see past regardless of whether his eyes are shut. Leave inner voices alone heard and man will twist his knees, for all we know †something out there is of more noteworthy worth, more valuable than gold. Our spirit and its everlasting end.

3G Mobile Communication

Question: Examine about the3G Mobile Communication. Answer: Getting SMS and MMS: SMS is known as Short SMS Service, which is planned as substitution for pager. It is a two-way correspondence process with greatest character length of 160 characters. Characters bolstered are ASCII and extra European characters. To a great extent utilized in Hospitals, Military Service, Police. The Format of SMS Packet Data are moved as single DCCH SPACH bundle (Loo, Mauri and Ortiz 2016). The message information bundle comprise of the accompanying systems SCA-Service Center Address PDU-Protocol Data Unit VP-Validity Period MR-Message Reference DA-Destination Address UDL-User Data Length PID-Protocol Identifier DCS-Data Coding Scheme UD-User Data Getting MMS: MMS can be characterized as Multimedia Messaging Services which aallows the exchange of content also photographs (Huang et al. 2012). The gadgets shouldn't be good anyway it merits referencing that if the gadgets are not perfect the beneficiaries will get web connect and the message can be seen on the web at later stages. The offices of sending Multimedia Messages are likewise accessible on GRPS gadgets. Steps to Send Multi-Media Messages on 3G and on 4G: Beneath recorded are the means, which are associated with the sending of multi-media messages over the 3G and 4G systems Informing interface Photograph collection MMS message MMS conveyance Conveyance of SMS over 3G and 4G Networks Beneath recorded are the means, which are, engaged with the conveyance of SMS over 3G and 4G systems which are as per the following; For transmission of SMS over 3G and 4G systems an extraordinary sort of server SMS Center is actualized The gadget is responsible for sending or getting SMS over the Short Message Entity SME on fixed portal. The SMS door is answerable for sending the SMS visiting MSC (VMSC) It likewise advises the Home Location Register on conveyance of message. It merits referencing that so as to arrive at the message to the SC, the PLMN move the message from the VMSC to the Message Service Center where Service Center is found (Dahlman, Parkvall and Skold 2013). The SMS-Interworking MSC gets the message from the PLMN and sends the message to the beneficiary. Orders Used in Delivery of Messages Conveyance of messages over the 3G and 4G systems includes three orders Sub-Submit: responsible for transmitting the message to MS and SC SMS Command: responsible for sending order from MS to SC. It contains TP-MR (Message Reference) to interestingly recognize the message SMS Submit Report: responsible for recognizing SMS-Submit or SMS Command or distinguishing the reason for disappointment (Loo, Mauri and Ortiz 2016). Conveyance of MMS under 3G: MMS messages can be transmitted inside an extra limit The media can be streamed into the clients gadget The clients is educated regarding the message once the information or MMS is gotten in their gadget MMS decreases the capacity overhead be that as it may, it expands the system overhead Conveyance of MMS under 4G: MMS in 4G is transmitted through utilizing WAP convention in GSM based systems The client applications under this system layer is changed to manage MMS MMS under 4G gives the entrance to move MMS messages on the web stages also so as to give security to the messages (Bikos and Sklavos 2013). Reference List: Bikos, A.N. also, Sklavos, N., 2013. LTE/SAE security issues on 4G remote networks.IEEE Security Privacy,11(2), pp.55-62. Dahlman, E., Parkvall, S. furthermore, Skold, J., 2013.4G: LTE/LTE-progressed for versatile broadband. Scholastic press. Huang, J., Qian, F., Gerber, A., Mao, Z.M., Sen, S. furthermore, Spatscheck, O., 2012, June. A nearby assessment of execution and force attributes of 4G LTE systems. InProceedings of the tenth universal meeting on Mobile frameworks, applications, and services(pp. 225-238). ACM. Loo, J., Mauri, J.L. furthermore, Ortiz, J.H. eds., 2016.Mobile specially appointed systems: current status and future patterns. CRC Press. Pentikousis, K., Wang, Y. what's more, Hu, W., 2013. Mobileflow: toward programming characterized portable networks.IEEE Communications magazine,51(7), pp.44-53. Xu, X., He, G., Zhang, S., Chen, Y. what's more, Xu, S., 2013. On usefulness partition for green versatile systems: idea concentrate over LTE.IEEE Communications Magazine,51(5), pp.82-90.

Term Victorian - English Literature Dissertations - Free Essay Example

The era of Queen Victorias reign witnessed the passing of milestones in social, economic, and personal progress. It was the age of industrialisation, a time of travel, a battleground for the conflict between science and religion. Yet further to these great markers by which many of us recognise the nineteenth century, and indeed because of them, Victorias reign inspired change within the individual; a revaluation of what it meant to be a human being. The literary artists gave new form to the questions on the lips of the society around them: questions that were no longer so easily answered by Christianity. This dissertation will explore how the term Victorian does or doesnt fit into the context from which it supposedly arises. I will look at trends such as the development of literary criticism, pioneering scientific discoveries, the exploration into psychic phenomenon, the increasing independence of women, the mapping of the world, all of which contribute to what we know and understand as Victorian, and have in some way shaped the work of authors such as Eliot, Conan Doyle, and H.G Wells. Using some close textual analysis I hope to identify the nature of the inspiration behind the literature of the time and whether or not such work transcends the limits of the term Victorian. Many great literary minds of the time such as Arnold, Dickens, and Ruskin helped define the era in their critical attitudes towards it. (Davis 2002, p.10). Criticism appears to have become a form of exploration in an attempt to turn what concerned and worried the artist into something that questioned and reassured. Arnold, in his dissertations in Criticism (Arnold 1865, p.V) explains how he perceives the difference between logical and artistic thought The truth is I have never been able to ht it off happily with the logicians, and it would be mere affectation in me to give myself the airs of doing so. They imagine truth something to be proved, I something to be seen; they something to be manufactured, I as something to be found. It is this growing awareness of difference that was to become a defining feature of Victorian literature. Differences appeared in the very perception of things, which led to feelings of isolation, despair, alienation all prominent themes in nineteenth century work. In Arnolds A Summer Night (https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html) we see the poetic mind struggling to find meaning on a moonlit street where the windows, like hostile faces, are silent and white, unopening down: And the calm moonlight seems to say Hast thou then still the old unquiet breast That neither deadens into rest Nor ever feels the fiery glow That whirls the spirit front itself away, 30 But fluctuates to and fro Never by passion quite possessd And never quite benumbd by the worlds sway? And I, I know not if to pray Still to be what I am, or yield, and be Like all the other men I see. Arnold recognises that the society around him is unfulfilled, that men are giving their lives to some unmeaning taskwork and he questions whether he should be questioning at all. He is aware of a gap between the reality of working life and life outside of work; a difference that he strives to find explanation for. Arnold appears to be lost amidst the streets of his own mind afraid of not being able to define who he is, what he is. These feelings in part express what it meant to be a Victorian struggling to place thoughts and feelings which appear to no longer fit into society. The Victorian era contained much of what had past and much of what was still to come it cannot be seen as an isolated time, nor as an isolated term. It contained aspects of the Romantic period for instance in Arnolds poem, The Buried Life, we see vestiges of Wordsworths legacy of Ode to Immortality. In both poems there is a sense of something lost an old passion or instinct that has gone with the passing of time yet Arnold, unlike Wordsworth, finds it more difficult to come to terms with this: A longing to inquire / Into the mystery of this heart that beats / So wild, so deep in us, to know / Whence our thoughts come and where they go. (https://www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Buried.htm). The language is more passionately discontent than the resolute tone of Wordsworths visionary acceptance: We will grieve not, rather find/Strength in what remains behind. (Wordsworth 1928, p.136). The styles are obviously connected, but the trouble with defining the era usin g literary terminology is that it is clearly neither a quirky extension of the Romantics vision, nor is it a straightforward path to the modernists. The 1870s saw the maturation of authors such as Anthony Trollope who brought out his later novels, yet only twenty years later in 1896 these publications are sitting beside the considerably different form and subject matter of work such as H.G. Wellls The Time Machine and The Island of Dr. Moreau, with literary experiments with the modern such as Richard Jefferies The Story of My Heart (a spiritual autobiography) -occurring between in 1883. A growing concern in nineteenth century life was the potential loss of the Romantic link between human nature and the natural world, and the gap which sudden industrial progress highlighted between nature and mechanisation. As technology developed so did the notion of artificiality. It is worth noting J.S.Mills dissertation on Nature (Mill 1874, p.65) where he says that it is mans nature to be artificial, to remedy nature by artificial pruning and intervention. Further to this, a contemporary of Mills Richard Jennings also drew a line between the province of human nature and the external world. (Lightman 1997, p.80). In the countryside more efficient methods of farming were employed (see the contrast between Henchards methods and Farfraes ciphering and mensuration in Hardys Mayor of Casterbridge, (Hardy 1886, p.122)), and new machines introduced which no longer required the labour force to run them, encouraging people to migrate to towns and cities. The urban reality was harsh in 1851 roughly four million people were employed in trade and manufacture and mining, leaving only one and a half million in agriculture. (Davis 2002, p.13). City life, as portrayed by Dickens, was a cruel, unhealthy and unwholesome existence for many. Working conditions in cities were often cramped, unhygienic and poorly ventilated, and living conditions could be even worse. Mrs. Gaskell, living in Manchester, witnessed the appalling pressures that these conditions forced upon family life, and in North and South depicts the difficulties of urban living, offering that salvation for the working classes lay with themselves and their employers, working together. However, city life was not all desolate based in cities, the development of the detective novel brought the city back to human scale (Lehan, p.84). Detectives pieced together and reconstructed past events through clues for example, the murder of Bartholomew Sholto in The Sign of Four by Conan Doyl e: As far as we can learn, no actual traces of violence were found upon Mr Sholtos person, but a valuable collection of Indian gems which the deceased gentleman had inherited from his father had been carried off. The discovery was first made by Mr Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson () Mr. Athelney Jones, the well-known member of the detective police force, happened to be at the Norwood police station () Mr Jones well-known technical knowledge and his powers of minute observation have enabled him to prove conclusively that the miscreants could not have entered by the door or by the window but must have made their way across the roof of the building, and so through a trapdoor into a room which communicated with that in which the body was found. (p.66) The city provided an exciting backdrop to crime scenes its labyrinthine streets similar to the mapping of the pathways of the human mind so that the two became inextricably linked. As Joseph McLaughlin says in Writing the Urban Jungle, the urban jungle is a space that calls forth a pleasurable acquiescence to something greater, more powerful, and, indeed, sublime () also an imaginative domain that calls forth heroic action: exploring, conquering, enlightening, purifying, taming, besting. (McLaughlin 2000, p.3). Further to what McLaughlin suggests, the Victorians perception of time and space in the city and the countryside was changing radically from the medieval perceptions that still existed in the Romantic period. People saw the finished products in both manufacturing and farming no longer involving the long, drawn-out means to an end, instead the end result was being achieved faster and with more control. Here developed the root of modern industry which continues today in intensive farming and factory lines. Yet here too the beginnings of waste and excess. Richard Jefferies, a nineteenth century naturalist and mystic, known for his dissertations on nature, remarks on the abundance of food in the natural world in his dissertation Meadow Thoughts: The surface of the earth offers to us far more than we can consume the grains, the seeds, the fruits, the animals, the abounding products are beyond the power of all the human race to devour. They can, too, be multiplied a thousandfold. There is no natural lack. Whenever there is lack among us it is from artificial causes, which intelligence should remove. (Jefferies 1994, p.26). Unfortunately there was plenty for those who could afford it but not enough to spare for the poorer lower classes. (Ritvo 1997, p.194). Trends of over production and wastage which became a worry in Victorian times are reflected in the literary concerns of Jefferies childrens story, Bevis, where words, despite their abundance, are in danger of becoming an insufficient medium of expression and not filling the metaphysical space on the page. In describing a sunrise and the thoughts and feelings associated with watching it, Jefferies struggles to articulate the beauty before him: The sun had not yet stood out from the orient, but his precedent light shone through the translucent blue. Yet it was not blue, nor is there any word, nor is a word possible to convey the feeling. (Jefferies 1881, p.391) We see too in James Thomsons City of Dreadful Night (Thomson 1892, p.2) the desperateness of trying to articulate thoughts and feelings: Because a cold rage seizes one at whiles To show the bitter old and wrinkled truth Stripped naked of all vesture that beguiles, False dreams, false hopes, false masks and modes of youth; Because it gives some sense of power and passion In helpless impotence to try to fashion Our woe in living words howeer uncouth. In both passages there is a sense of trying to convey so much more than the words will allow. And that is the essence of the problem of defining the era with a word which the era itself selected Victorian like the authors of its time struggles to convey the enormity and the condensed nature of its changing environment. Victorian literature is thus perhaps best studied between the lines of its texts rather than for what it offers at face value. Thomsons words to try to fashion our woe in living words although appearing dismal could actually withhold a more positive message: it deals with the notion of perseverance that by creating words, however difficult, the author is refusing to give in to despair by trying to transform it into creative energy. There is a sense of crisis in the work of Thomson, just as there is to be found in Jefferies futuristic After London where the lone explorer Felix discovers the land after humanity has overreached itself to sociological disaster and has lost the harmonious relationship between mankind and nature. London becomes no more than a crystallised ruin in a ground oozing with poison unctuous and slimy, like a thick oil. (Jefferies 1885, p.205). Through work like this we see that Victorian was an era of possibility where visions of the future suddenly became tangible concerns and possible realities, and where contemporary conceptions of language and life might no longer hold up to the pressures of the time. In H.G. Wells the Time Machine, the time traveller discovers a land in the year 802,701: The air was free from gnats, the earth from weeds or fungi; everywhere were fruits and sweet and delightful flowers; brilliant butterflies flew hither and thither. The ideal of preventative medicine was attained. diseases had been stamped out. I saw no evidence of any contagious diseases during all my stay. And i shall have to tell you later that even the processes of putrefaction and decay had been profoundly affected by these changes. (Wells 1995, p.28) In this description of a futuristic age the Victorian imagination still retains the idea of a paradise a place full of butterflies and flowers. This Christian concept is a literary hangover from Miltons Paradise Lost, and remains an important theme for the moderns such as D.H. Lawrence. The Victorian age suffered from a dualistic split between a bright future on the one hand promised by leaps in technology, education and economical success and an increasingly alienated, confused society on the other. There were those writers like Huxley who believed that by human intervention within a political and economic framework humans could evolve out of their condition seeing no limit to the extent to which intelligence and will () may modify the conditions of existence (Huxley, 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes Lecture (https://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html), and there were those like Hardy whose characters were destined to fail because they were not emotionally fitted into the cosmos out of which they evolved . It was the nineteenth century spiritual crisis which precipitated the literary shift into the new genre of the realist novel. By the mid-nineteenth century, society had begun to grow away from the idea of atonement for sin within an omnipotent religion, where judgement would come solely in heaven, and towards the more humanistic idea of God as in-dwelling, so that salvation could be achieved on earth: We have now come to regard the world not as a machine, but as an organism, a system in which, while the parts contribute to the growth of the whole, the whole also reacts upon the development of the parts; and whose primary purpose is its own perfection, something that is contained within and not outside itself, an internal end: while in their turn the myriad parts of this universal organism are also lesser organisms, ends in and for themselves, pursuing each its lonely ideal of individual completeness. (Gore (ed) 1890, p.211) A spiritual lack created a need to define, order and categorise a world that suddenly appeared chaotic. When Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 he raised issues of public concern as to the truth of the bible and the essence of Christianity. However, its content and its methodology were seriously criticised (Appleman 2001, p.200). It was a difficult work to accept as it caused the public to rethink and redefine their history that they were a product of evolution and not a tailor made being came as a shock. The future of thought and literature was suddenly changed as people tried to sew together the threads of the past. Natural Science became a national obsession exotic flora and fauna from across the world were brought into London daily, to be displayed in the British Museum or Kew Gardens (Lightman, 1997 p.1). In literature, we see the author begin to play the part of evolutionist: Eliots Middlemarch although concerned with the evolving character of Dorothea Brooke follows the threads of sub-plots and the successes and failures of other characters which form a pattern of development. As Gillian Beer says: There is not one primitive tissue, just as there is not one key to all mythologies () emphasis upon plurality, rather than upon singleness, is crucial to the developing argument of Middlemarch. (Beer 2000, p.143). Gone is the tradition of the valiant hero or heroine singularly conquering their environment (a trend set by classics such as Homers The Odyssey (1967)) and in its place a landscape upon which the author grafts and nurtures developing shoots of life. It is this sort of growth that is in danger of remaining unseen to the contemporary historian or critic as it can become shrouded by generalising concepts which are so often prescribed to the term Victorian concepts such as repression, old-fashioned and prudish. (https://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html). These sort of terms restrict the individuals perception of the era when it was a time when growth was encouraged rather than restricted. Authors used the metaphor of pruning and nurturing plant life to symbolise the development of the self for example in North and South Gaskell discusses the problem of the working individual who struggles to reach his or her potential when the manufacturers are unsparingly cutting away all off-shoots in the direction of literature or high mental cultivation, in hopes of throwing the whole strength and vigour of the plant into commerce. (Gaskell 1865, p.69). For Gaskell, it is through the everyday interaction between people that such difficulties are given the chance to be overcome. And this was the essence of the realist novel set amidst a world which had witnessed such alteration to transform the lostness felt by society into a seeing of the smaller things in life which could withhold qualities of greater spiritual value. As Philip Davis says, the realist novel was the holding ground, the meeting point, for the overlapping of common life. (Davis 2002, p.144). And it was within this common life that a more calm acceptance of the new state could be achieved. Gillian Beer suggests that through her novels organisation Eliot creates order and understanding of the evolving process of novel-writing. In Middlemarch, the naming of Casaubons books Waiting for Death, Two Temptations, Three Love Problems draws attention to the books organisation by emphasising categorisation: But the process of reading leads into divergence and variability. Even while we are observing how closely human beings conform in the taxonomy of events we learn how differently they feel and think. For Dorothea and Casaubon waiting for death means something very different from what it means for Mary Garth and Featherstone. The relations are different. The distances between people are different. Lydgate, here at one with the project of the book, longed to demonstrate the more intimate relations of living structure (1:15:225). In this double emphasis on conformity and variability George Eliot intensifies older literary organisations by means of recent scientific theory. In Darwinian theory, variability is the creative principle, but the type makes it possible for us to track common ancestry and common kinship. (Beer 2000, pp.143-4) Writing itself was becoming an almost divine representation, an inner order of a chaotic external world. The idea that humans had evolved from primates meant that the boundaries between what was one thing and what was another were no longer so clearly defined. There developed a fear of the animate and a fear of the inanimate, and efforts were sought to understand them. As Harriet Ritvo says in The Platypus and the Mermaid: Depending on the beholder, an anomaly might be viewed as embodying a challenge to the established order, whether social, natural, or divine; the containment of that challenge; the incomprehensibility of the creation by human intelligence; or simply the endless and diverting variety of the world. And beholders who agreed on the content of the representation could still disagree strongly about its moral valence whether it was good or bad, entrancing or disgusting. (Ritvo 1997, p.148). In a world where categorisation was important but not so easily achievable, the novel too became neither one thing nor another; realism became a melting pot for ideas, a sort of hybrid of styles. In Eliots The Lifted Veil realism is used as a vehicle for the exploration of her ideas into psychology and psychic phenomena. Latimers clairvoyance forces him to endure a painful insight into the minds of the people around him: I began to be aware of a phase in my abnormal sensibility, to which, from the languid and slight nature of my intercourse with others since my illness, I had not been alive before. This was the obtrusion on my mind of the mental process going forward in first one person, and then another, with whom I happened to be in contact: the vagrant, frivolous ideas and emotions of some uninteresting acquaintanceMrs Filmore, for examplewould force themselves on my consciousness like an importunate, ill-played musical instrument, or the loud activity of an imprisoned insect. But this superadded consciousness, wearying and annoying enough when it urged on me the trivial experience of indifferent people, became an intense pain and grief when it seemed to be opening to me the souls of those who were in a close relation to me when the rational talk, the graceful attentions, the wittily-turned phrases, and the kindly deeds, which used to make the web of their characters, were seen as if thrust asunder by a microscopic vision, that showed all the intermediate frivolities, all the suppressed egoism, all the struggling chaos of puerilities, meanness, vague capricious memories, and indolent make-shift thoughts, from which human words and deeds emerge like leaflets covering a fermenting heap.(Eliot 1859, pp.13-14) Latimer is no longer caught up in the web of peoples characters. Eliot plays with the idea that his consciousness has the ability to transcend the mundane the rational talk, the kindly deeds in order to gain insight into an alternative and not so rosy vision of the mechanics of the human mind where thoughts are make-shift and chaotic. The nineteenth century saw the acceptance of the concept of otherworldly phenomena into the working classes. Robert Owen, a social reformer, who influenced the British Labor movement (Oppenheim 1985, p.40) encouraged many working class Owenites to follow him into the spiritualist fold, where they enthusiastically continued their ongoing search for the new moral world. Interests such as spiritualism and psychology which had previously been more underground pursuits, were brought out into the open. The concept of telepathy, a term coined by Frederic Myers in 1882 (Luckhurst 2002, p.1) even helped to theorize the uneasy cross-cultural encounters at the colonial frontier. (Luckhurst 2002, p.3) These developments suggest that the Victorians felt imbued with the power of their age they felt confident of their ability to communicate on different planes of consciousness. So it could be argued that Victorian was not simply a time devoted to the discovery of the self and the workings of the inner mind, but a time that also focused on the projection of ideas and thoughts outside of the self; ideas which themselves stand outside of the category Victorian. In 1869 the Spiritualist Newspaper began selling first as a fortnightly, then as a weekly publication. (Oppenheim 1985, p.45). This draws the discussion to the point of representation the social nature of Victorians seems to suggest that they enjoyed the focus being on themselves. Self-obsession is an aspect of the time which the term Victorian usefully represents: by specifically referring to the rule of the Queen the term draws attention to the importance of the individual. The era saw the development of many different styles of fashion and the use of photography. As part of the Freudian influence great importance was placed on childhood and it was during the nineteenth century that the first laws concerning child welfare were passed. (Mavor quoted from Brown (ed) 2001, p.i) The focus on the central, the ego, was paramount. As Mavor says, it was as if the camera had to be invented in order to document what would soon be lost, childhood itself; and childhood had to be invented in order for the camera to document childhood (a fantasy of innocence) as real. (Brown (ed) 2001, p.27). Perhaps because of societys awareness of change there seems to have been a necessity to record and keep track of the world around. Discovery took place on a much grander scale in the exploration of the world. The British Empire was global, yet as Patrick Brantlinger suggests in Rule of Darkness, (Brantlinger 1988, p.4) imperialism was not generally reflected in the literature of the time. What we do see evidence of however is the mapping of new worlds and territories (Richard Jefferies Bevis). The development of the adventure story suggests that Victorians desired to explore what lay outside of what they knew and in this respect the term Victorian which people can think of as representing a society closed within in itself is misleading. The rise of imperialism began to shape the ideological dimensions of subjects studied in school (Bristow 1991, p.20) and so through literature the Victorian child was offered an exciting world of sophisticated representation and ideas with the knowledge that the world was theirs to explore. Does the term then encourage us to think of the society as a class of people set apart from the rest of the world? In The Island of Dr. Moreau it is not just the future of science that is explored but the concept of a new territory and its effects on the mind. For example, when the protagonist first sees the beast-servant on board the ship he is immediately frightened: I did not know then that a reddish luminosity, at least, is not uncommon in human eyes. The figure, with its eyes of fire, struck down through all my adult thoughts and feelings, and for a moment the forgotten horrors of childhood came back to my mind. Then the effect passed as it had come. An uncouth black figure of a man, a figure of no particular import, hung over the taffrail, against the starlight. (Wells 1997, p.31). The circumstances of being at sea is disorientating and causes the imagination to play tricks so that the man is first one thing a figure with its eyes of fire and then suddenly becomes an uncouth black figure of a man. The effect is that the protagonist suddenly regresses to the forgotten horrors of childhood. This sudden fluctuation is important as it represents the fluidity of the era and how change and discovery on a global scale, although empowering, also caused instability within the individual. Therefore, when considering the age in the context of its name we can understand that the term was perhaps created out of both the desire to represent achievement but also out of a need to belong. This desire to belong which manifested itself during an age ruled by one woman placed great importance on the role of the female in society. It was a time when women began to travel and write without the necessity of using a pseudonym (see Cheryl McEwan on Kingsley in West Africa, (2000, p.73)). In books such as Hardys Tess of the DUrbervilles the idea of the fallen woman is tested when Tesss crucial lack of belief in herself causes her never to discover the paradise with Clare that might have been. The nineteenth century began to be more explicit concerning issues of gender: for example, the relationship between Arthur Munby and Hannah Cullwick (see McClintock 1995, pp.132-138) where Cullwick is photographed cross-dressed as a farm worker. A Victorian man however appears to have had more stigma attached to him and in this context the term is commonly associated with heroism and English valour (Ridley/Dawson 1994, p.110). There is less flexibility surrounding the notion of Victorian men -as if the term somehow threatened their masculinity. However, this did not seem to affect the male authors of the time. Lewis Carroll captured the public imagination through Alices Adventures in Wonderland, which although following the story of a little girl, depicts many male characters. (see Carroll 2000). In conclusion, the term Victorian although useful to refer to a specific time period in history, does however encourage us to make sweeping generalisations without investigating how diverse the era was. In terms of the subject matter of Victorian Literature there is no clear cut distinction between early, middle and late Victorian for example, Bulwer-Lytton attempts at the beginning of the century what Richard Jefferies does at the end the difference is in style and form. Within that time frame there was condensed an incredible diversity of styles, tastes and attitudes, yet the term suffers from being associated with prejudices and assumptions about Victorians. However, it is worth bearing in mind that prejudices were indeed a part of Victorian society. When the Victorians explored the rest of the world they made generalisations and assumptions based on what they found (eg: The Island of Dr. Moreau) where experience and the nature of what is discovered defines behaviour. As a critic in 1858 wrote we are living in an age of transition (quoted from Houghton 1957, p.1); therefore when considering the Victorian age we should remember that values and trends were evolving it was not a static time governed by repression or old fashioned values. From the research carried out for this dissertation it appears that through the gaining of knowledge, Victorians also realised how little they knew and how much more there was to discover. As Arnold says in A Summer Night: How fair a lot to fill / Is left to each man still. (https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html). In this context the term Victorian can be dualistically representative: discoveries of the time, although revolutionary, were often rudimentary in nature, and it was humbling for the individual to consider how much further knowledge and discovery had yet to go. On the other hand, the term suffers too from being inadequate: a single word is too smaller term for the vast wealth and diversity of discovery, and it could be argued that the era is better realised if seen as a second revolution. Like the Victorian authors themselves we are left with no suitable words to convey the entirety of an era as John Lawton says in his introduction to The Time Machine (1995, p.xxvi) the term Victorian is used too loosely to encompass a sequence of eras, the diverse reign of a woman who lent her name to objects as diverse as a railway terminus and a plum. When studying Victorian Literature it is worth bearing in mind the fluidity of the time and the changeability which arose out of living on the cusp between the passing away of old values and the unknown territory of the new. Realism recognised the gaps which were forming in society such as the distancing of the self from religion and offered to paper the cracks through its vision of bringing people together on a mundane level. Its territory stretched to include the darkest recesses of the mind to the smallest of everyday events, celebrating the grey area between extremes as we now know as Victorian. Bibliography Arnold, M., Reprint of 1865 ed. dissertations in Criticism With the addition of Two dissertations not hitherto reprinted. London: Routledge. Appleman, P, 2001, Darwin. London: Norton Beer, G., 2000, Darwins Plots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Brantlinger, P, 1988, Rule of Darkness:British Literature and Imperialism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press Bristow, J., 1991, Empire Boys:Adventures in a Mans World. London: Harper Collins. Brown, M., 2001, (ed) Picturing Children. Aldershot: Ashgate Bulwer-Lytton, E., 1853, A Strange Story. London: Routledge Carroll. L., 2000, Alice in Wonderland. New York: Harper Festival. Conan Doyle, A., 2001, The Sign of Four. London: Penguin Davis, P, 2002, The Victorians. Oxford: Oxford University Press Dickens, C., 1994 (first published 1852-3), Bleak House. London: Penguin Eliot, G., 1999, The Lifted Veil: Brother Jacob. Helen Small (ed). New York: Oxford University Press Gaskell, E., 2003, (first published 1855), North and South. London: Penguin Gore, C., (ed), 1890, Lux Mundi: a Series of studies of the Religion of the Incarnation. London: John Murray Hardy, T., 1994, (first published 1886), The Mayor of Casterbridge. London: Penguin Houghton, W., 1957. The Victorian Frame of Mind, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Huxley, T., 1893, Evolution and Ethics, The Romanes Lecture (https://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/CE9/E-E.html) Jefferies, R., 1989, (first published 1882), Bevis. Oxford: Oxford University Press Jefferies, R., 1980, (first published 1885), After London. (Oxford: Oxford University Press) Jefferies, R., 1938, (first published 1883), The Story of My Heart. (Middlesex: Penguin) Lehan, R., 1998, The City in Literature. Berkley; CA: UCLA Press Lightman, B., 1997, Victorian Science in Context. Chicago: Chicago University Press Luckhurst, R., 2002, The Invention of Telepathy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mack, M, (ed),1967, Alexander Pope: The Odyssey of Homer. London: Methuen McClintock, A., 1995, Imperial Leather: Race,Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. London: Routledge McEwan, C., 2000, Gender, Geography and the Empire. Aldershot: Ashgate McLaughlin, J., 2000, Writing the Urban Jungle. Virginia: University Press of Virginia Oppenheim, J., 1985, The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England 1850-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Ridley, H., and Dawson, G., 1994, Soldier Heroes: British Empire and Images of Masculinity. London: Routledge Ritvo, H., 1997, The Platypus and the Mermaid. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press Thomson, J., 1892, The City of Dreadful Night. Portland: Thomas B. Mosher Wells, H.G., 1995 (first published 1895), The Time Machine. London: Dent Wells, H.G., 1997, (first published 1896) The Island of Dr. Moreau. Bath: Chivers Press Wordsworth, W., 1928, Poetry and the Drama: The Longer Poems of William Wordsworth. Everymans library edition, (Ernest Rhys(ed)). London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd. https://www.web-books.com/Classics/Poetry/Anthology/Arnold_M/Buried.htm. https://whitewolf.newcastle.edu.au/words/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/EmpedoclesonEtna/summernight.html. https://www.victorianweb.org/vn/victor4.html. Further Reading Bergonzi, B., 1973, The Turn of the Century. London: Macmillan Bivona, D., 1990, Desire and Contradiction. Imperial visions and domestic debates in Victorian Literature. Manchester: Manchester University Press Buckley, J., 1975, The Worlds of Victorian Fiction. Boston: Harvard University Press Lawrence, D.H, 1995, (first published 1915), The Rainbow. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Hardy, T., 1974 (first published 1891) Tess of the DUrbervilles. London: Penguin. Hewitt, M, 2000, An Age of Equipoise:Re-assessing Mid-Victorian Britain. Aldershot: Ashgate Houghton, W., 1957, The Victorian Frame of Mind. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Nordeau, M., 1993, Degeneration. LincolnLondon: University of Nebraska Press Mitchell, R., 2000, Picturing the Past: English History in Text and Image. Oxford: Oxford University Press Phillips, R., 1997, Mapping Men and Empire. London: Routledge Pratt, M., L., 1992, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge Robson, C., 2001, Men in Wonderland: The Lost Girlhood of the Victorian Gentlemen. New Jersey: Princeton University Press Schad, J., 1999, Victorians in Theory: from Derrida to Browning. Manchester: Manchester University Press Thurschwell, P., 2001, Literature,Technology and Magical Thinking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Wheeler, M., 1994, Heaven, Hell and the Victorians. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Winter, A., 1998, Mesmerised: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Wolfreys, J., 1999, Writing London. London: Palgrave

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